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Resistance Operating
Concept - ROC
Beginning in 2014 the Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) began an effort to develop a concept of operations that would guide nations in developing a method of deterring and / or defeating an invasion or occupation by another nation. This concept was developed within in the operational environment of eastern Europe with Russia as the 'aggressive nation' that would be the invading or occupying force.
Below are some resources about the Resistance Operating Concept or ROC.
References about ROC
Otto Fiala, Kirk Smith, Anders Lofberg, Resistance
Operating Concept (ROC), Joint Special Operations
University (JSOU), May 1, 2020, PDF, 286 pages.
https://www.jsou.edu/Press/PublicationDashboard/25
Otto Fiala and Ulrica Pettersson, "ROC(K) Solid Preparedness: Resistance Operations Concept in the Shadow of Russia", Prism 8, No. 4, pages 17-28, June 2020.
July 19, 2019, "SOCEUR and Resistance Operating Concept (ROC)", by John Friberg, SOF News. The ROC is a concept that will contribute to deterring and resisting agression in Eastern Europe. The ROC is a method whereby Nordic and Baltic countries can conduct 'resistance operations' in the event of an invasion or occupation by Russian military forces.
May 2019, Resistance Operating Concept, SOCEUR. 13 page
slide presentation, PDF.
https://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/U-SMA-Brief-SOCEUR-Resistance-Operating-Concept.pdf
October 2022, National Defense Strategy, Department
of Defense, PDF, 80 pages. The term resilience is used 31 times
in the latest NDS document.
https://www.defense.gov/National-Defense-Strategy/
December 2022, Comprehensive Defence Handbook,
Volume I and II, NATO Special Operations Headquarters, PDFs,
pages 156 and 70.
https://www.nshq.nato.int/library
Unconventional Warfare Pocket Guide, USASOC, 2016, PDF, 44
pages.
https://sof.news/uw/uw-pocket-guide/
News Articles about ROC
February 2023, "Resilience and Resistance in NATO", Insights, Irregular Warfare Center, by Sandor Fabian PH.D., PDF, 6 pages.
February 19, 2023, "Indispensable but Insufficient: The Role and Limits of Special Operations in Strategic Competition", by David Ucko, Lawfare.
December 27, 2022, "Psychological Capabilities for Resilience", by Shannon Houck, War on the Rocks.
October 11, 2022, "Ukraine's experience spurs allies interest in 'resistance,' info war training", by Theresa Hitchens, Breaking Defense.
May 2022, "Communicating the Resistance", by Col. (Ret.) Otto C. Fiala, Security Theory and Practice (Poland), pp. 157-171, PDF, 15 pages.
April 2022, "Bear Trap: Building a Pre-Conflict Underground
Force to Resist the Future Enemy", by James Stejskal,
Journal on Baltic Security, 8(1): 27-41.
https://journalonbalticsecurity.com/journal/JOBS/article/5/info
September 9, 2021, "Less door-kicking, more resistance: Inside Army SOF's return to unconventional warfare", by Davis Winkie, Army Times.
June 21, 2021, "Book Review: Resistance Operating Concept", by Bayasgalan Lkhagvasuren, Small Wars Journal.
December 2020, "From 'Total' to 'Comprehensive' National
Defence: the Development of the Concept in Europe", by Ieva
berzina, Journal on Baltic Security, Volume 6, Issue
2, pp. 1-9.
https://journalonbalticsecurity.com/journal/JOBS/article/2/text
December 2, 2019, "SOCEUR and Swedish Defense University collaborate on academic publication, the Resistance Operating Concept (ROC)", DVIDS.
July 19, 2019, "SOCEUR and Resistance Operating Concept (ROC)", by John Friberg, SOF News. The ROC is a concept that will contribute to deterring and resisting agression in Eastern Europe. The ROC is a method whereby Nordic and Baltic countries can conduct 'resistance operations' in the event of an invasion or occupation by Russian military forces.
Articles about ROC and the Baltic States
October 2022, "Understanding of Total Defence in the Baltic
Countries", by Asta Maskaliunaite, Journal on Baltic
Security, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 1-2.
https://journalonbalticsecurity.com/journal/JOBS/article/1/text
October 2022, "Special Operations Forces (SOF): The
integrators for Total Defense and Resistance", by Kevin D.
Stringer, Journal on Baltic Security, Volume 8, Issue
1, pp. 67-76.
https://journalonbalticsecurity.com/journal/JOBS/article/3/text
October 2022, "Modern Resistance - Learning From Non-Western
Examples", by Sandor Fabian, Journal on Baltic Security,
Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 44-66.
https://journalonbalticsecurity.com/journal/JOBS/article/4/text
September 8, 2021, "Russian Rear Area Operations and the Resistance Operating Concept", by Philip Wasielewski, Small Wars Journal.
Articles about ROC and Ukraine
September 8, 2022, "On Resistance: A Primer for Further Research", by Andrew Maher and Martijn Kitzen, Modern War Institute at West Point.
September 1, 2022, "Ukraine: The Resistance Operating Concept in Action", by James Marinero, Medium - Dock on the Bay.
July 2022, "Ukrainian Resistance", Australian Army Research Centre.
March 10, 2022, "The Fog of War, Civilian Resistance, and the Soft Underbelly of Unprovileged Belligerency", Articles of War, Lieber Institute West Point.
March 7, 2022, "How the US and Europe helped Ukraine prep for insurgency", by Davis Winkie, Army Times.
July-August 2021, "Survival in the Russian Occupied Zone: Command and Organization in Resistance Underground Operations", by Col. Kevin D. Stringer, Military Review.
Resistance and Reilience in Asia
May 17, 2023, "Developing Resistance and Resilience Is Critical for Taiwan", by Justin Woodward, 1945.
May 10, 2022, "What is Taiwan's porcupine defence strategy?", The Economist.
October 21, 2020, "Resistance and Resilience in Asia - Political Warfare of Revisionist and Rogue Powers", by David Maxwell, Small Wars Journal.
2020, "Sharing SOF Lessons Around the Globe", by Scott R. Gourley, Special Operations Outlook 2020. An article about a Trans-Regional Resistance Working Group (TRWG) conducted by Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC) hosted by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California held in February 2020.
December 2021, Resilience and Resistance, a NATO Model
for Taiwan, by Jason Gambill and Christopher S. Pinkerton,
Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, PDF,
107 pages.
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1164916.pdf
"AUKUS Special Operations Forces in Strategic Competition, Integrated Deterrence, and Campaigning: Resistance to Malign Activities", by David Maxwell, Security & Defense Plus.
Videos about ROC
June 11, 2020, Resistance Operating Concept, Joint
Special Operations University (JSOU), YouTube, 36 minutes. Dr.
Otto Fiala, retired U.S. Army Colonel and lead author of the
Resistance Operating Concept is interviewed about ROC.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roQjRp9kjec
Podcasts about ROC
Concept of Resistance: Part 1 - Resistance in Europe, The Indigeneous Approach, 54 minutes. Lt. Col. Mike Penn (SF), Mr. Paul Tompkins, Dr. Otto Fiala, Lt Col. Randy Martin, and Master Sgt. Frank Miller take part in a panel discussion about what resistance is in Europe and the Pacific and how it's applied in today's operational environment. Listen here.
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