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Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)
Photo: The guided-missile destroyer USS Chafee (DDG 90) launches a Block V Tomahawk. (U.S. Navy photo by Ensign Sean Ianno, 30 Nov 2020) The U.S. Navy’s Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile designed for precision strikes against high-value land targets. Developed during the Cold War to provide a survivable, stand-off strike capability, the Tomahawk allows naval forces to engage targets from hundreds of miles away without exposing pilots or ships to hostile defenses. It is launched from both surface ships and submarines, giving the United States flexible options for projecting power ashore while maintaining distance from contested coastlines. The Tomahawk was originally developed by General Dynamics in the 1970s and later production and upgrades were managed by Raytheon Technologies (now operating as RTX Corporation). Early variants entered service in the 1980s, with the missile first seeing combat during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Since then, the TLAM has been used in multiple conflicts, demonstrating high reliability and accuracy against fixed and, in later versions, relocatable targets. Technically, the TLAM is a subsonic missile powered by a small turbofan engine and guided by a combination of inertial navigation, GPS, and terrain-contour matching systems. This layered guidance approach allows it to fly at low altitudes, following the contours of the terrain to reduce detection by radar. Modern variants, such as the Block IV Tactical Tomahawk, feature two-way satellite communications that enable in-flight retargeting and battle damage assessment. Depending on the variant, the missile carries either a conventional unitary warhead or, in earlier versions, submunitions designed for area targets. Strategically, the Tomahawk provides the U.S. Navy with a critical first-strike and deterrence capability. By launching from platforms such as Arleigh Burke–class destroyers and nuclear-powered submarines, commanders can rapidly respond to emerging threats without relying on forward air bases. Its precision reduces collateral damage compared to unguided munitions, making it a preferred option for limited, high-accuracy strikes. Over decades of service, the TLAM has evolved through continuous upgrades, ensuring it remains a central element of U.S. maritime strike doctrine.
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